Mobile Telemedicine for Treating Chronic Hepatitis C Among Rural People Who Inject Drugs: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Author Department
Healthcare Quality
Document Type
Article, Peer-reviewed
Publication Date
1-2026
Abstract
Importance: Persons who inject drugs in the rural US have high rates of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and poor access to HCV testing, direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment, and syringe services. Effective approaches to test and treat this population are needed to achieve national HCV elimination goals.
Objective: To test whether a mobile telemedicine-based HCV treatment intervention increases HCV treatment initiation and viral clearance and decreases sharing of injection equipment among rural persons who inject drugs.
Design, setting, and participants: This open-label, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial compared mobile telemedicine care (MTC) for HCV treatment with enhanced usual care (EUC), both integrated with van-based syringe services, from April 21, 2022, to September 13, 2024. Participants were persons aged 18 years or older with a history of drug injection and chronic HCV infection from 3 rural counties in New Hampshire and Vermont.
Intervention: MTC consisted of DAA treatment for HCV via telemedicine along with on-demand syringe services, all on a mobile van. EUC consisted of treatment referral by van staff, with care navigation to a local or regional clinician.
Main outcomes and measures: Primary outcomes were the proportion of participants who (1) initiated DAA treatment for HCV, (2) achieved viral clearance at the 12-week follow-up, and (3) reported no injection equipment sharing at any point after the expected treatment completion visit.
Results: Of 503 prescreened individuals, 169 were eligible and 150 were randomized to MTC (n = 75) or EUC (n = 75). Participants had a mean (SD) age of 38.1 (8.1) years, 103 (68.7%) were male, 105 (70.0%) experienced homelessness, and 97 (64.7%) reported drug injection in the past 30 days. MTC participants were more likely than EUC participants to initiate DAA treatment (43 [57.3%] vs 20 [26.7%]; relative risk [RR], 2.15 [95% CI, 1.41-3.28]) and to achieve viral clearance (28 [37.3%] vs 14 [18.7%]; RR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.15-3.49]). No effect was detected on abstention from sharing of syringes or other injection equipment at follow-up (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.68-1.32).
Conclusions and relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, telemedicine for chronic HCV treatment integrated with syringe services on a mobile van was associated with improved access to HCV treatment initiation and cure for people with a history of drug injection in rural communities where HCV treatment services are scarce, suggesting optimal strategies in rural areas should include convenient, low-threshold telemedicine treatment.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05466331.
Recommended Citation
Friedmann PD, Wilson D, de Gijsel D, Nolte K, Dejace J, Hoskinson R Jr, Del Toro-Mejias L, Bianchet E, Dowd P, Soares WE 3rd, Stopka TJ. Mobile Telemedicine for Treating Chronic Hepatitis C Among Rural People Who Inject Drugs: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2026 Jan 2;9(1):e2555125. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.55125.
PMID
41587029